Stadium Determining Cancer

If the cancer is found, examination staging of cancer helps the doctor in planning appropriate treatment and determine prognosis.

• Scan (for example, liver or bone scan)
• Coloration
• CT (Computed Tomography) or MRI (Magnetic Resonance Image)
• Mediastinoskopi
• Bone marrow biopsy

Sometimes surgery is necessary to determine the stage of cancer. For example, a laparotomy (abdominal surgery) allows the surgeon to remove or treat colon cancer while determining the spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes. Analysis of lymph nodes are remove from the axilla at the time of the mastectomy, help determine how far breast cancer has spread and whether the necessary post-surgical therapy. Splenectomy done to remove the spleen and determine the stage of Hodgkin's disease. 

 Scanning ultrasound is non-invasive procedure and does not cause pain, which uses sound waves to show the structure of internal organs. This examination is helpful in determine the size of certain cancer, especially kidney cancer, liver, pelvis and prostate.

CT scans are used to find cancer in the brain, lungs and abdominal organs, including adrenal gland, lynph nodes, liver and spleen.

Limfangiogram is a test in which dye is injected into the leg and then do X-ray photography. This examination helps find abnormalities in the abdominal lymph nodes and determine the stage of Hodgkin's disease and testicular cancer.

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